Generics in C# (List<T>, Dictionary<TKey,TValue>)

In C#, generics are used to increase type safety and flexibility. Generic classes and collections eliminate the need for runtime type casting and avoid unnecessary boxing and unboxing operations, improving performance and reducing the risk of errors. Before generics were introduced, collections such as ArrayList stored elements as object. When a value type like int was added to an ArrayList, it had to be boxed (converted to object), and later unboxed when retrieved. This boxing/unboxing process caused additional memory allocations and performance overhead. With generic collections like List<T> and Dictionary<TKey,TValue>, elements are stored in their actual types, eliminating these costs and making the code both safer and faster.

List<T>

List<T> is a generic collection that dynamically stores elements of a specific type. T specifies the type of elements the list will contain.

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;

var numbers = new List<int>();
numbers.Add(10);
numbers.Add(20);
numbers.Add(30);

foreach (int n in numbers)
    Console.WriteLine(n);

// Output:
// 10
// 20
// 30

Dictionary<TKey,TValue>

Dictionary is a generic key–value collection. TKey specifies the type of the key, and TValue specifies the type of the value.

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;

var students = new Dictionary<int, string>();
students[101] = "John";
students[102] = "Mary";
students[103] = "Michael";

foreach (var kv in students)
    Console.WriteLine($"{kv.Key} → {kv.Value}");

// Output:
// 101 → John
// 102 → Mary
// 103 → Michael

Creating Your Own Generic Classes

You can also define your own generic types, not just use built-in collections. This allows you to create reusable and type-safe structures.

public class Box<T>
{
    public T Value { get; set; }

    public void Print()
    {
        Console.WriteLine($"Box contains: {Value}");
    }
}

class Program
{
    static void Main()
    {
        var intBox = new Box<int> { Value = 42 };
        intBox.Print();

        var stringBox = new Box<string> { Value = "Hello" };
        stringBox.Print();
    }
}

// Output:
// Box contains: 42
// Box contains: Hello

Generic Constraints

Generic types can use constraints (with the where keyword) to enforce certain requirements on the type parameters.

public class Repository<T> where T : class
{
    private readonly List<T> _items = new();

    public void Add(T item) => _items.Add(item);

    public void PrintAll()
    {
        foreach (var i in _items)
            Console.WriteLine(i);
    }
}

class Program
{
    static void Main()
    {
        var repo = new Repository<string>();
        repo.Add("Pen");
        repo.Add("Notebook");
        repo.PrintAll();
    }
}

// Output:
// Pen
// Notebook

Sample Application: Product Management

In the following example, product information is stored inside a List<Product>, and product ID–name mappings are kept inside a Dictionary<int,string>.

public class Product
{
    public int Id { get; set; }
    public string Name { get; set; } = string.Empty;
}

class Program
{
    static void Main()
    {
        var products = new List<Product>
        {
            new Product { Id = 1, Name = "Laptop" },
            new Product { Id = 2, Name = "Phone" }
        };

        var productDict = new Dictionary<int, string>();
        foreach (var p in products)
            productDict[p.Id] = p.Name;

        Console.WriteLine("Products:");
        foreach (var kv in productDict)
            Console.WriteLine($"{kv.Key} - {kv.Value}");
    }
}

// Output:
// Products:
// 1 - Laptop
// 2 - Phone

LINQ alternative: You can also convert the list directly into a dictionary with ToDictionary.

var productDict = products.ToDictionary(p => p.Id, p => p.Name);

Console.WriteLine("Products:");
foreach (var kv in productDict)
    Console.WriteLine($"{kv.Key} - {kv.Value}");

TL;DR

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